Дипломная работа: Economic bases of innovative activity in public health services
ARR = PN
/ [1/2 (IC + RV)],
The given
indicator is compared to factor of profitability of the advanced capital
counted by division of the general net profit of the enterprise for a total sum
of means, advanced in its activity (a result of average balance net) more
often. The method based on use of effectiveness ratio of the investment, also
has a number of the essential lacks caused, basically, that it does not
consider time components of monetary streams. In particular it does not do
distinction between projects with the identical sum of mid-annual profit, but
the varying sum of profit on years, and also between the projects having
identical mid-annual profit, but generated during various quantity of years. 5)
decision-making by criterion of the least cost After a statement of the general
scheme of standard model of an estimation of efficiency of investment projects,
we will state some conclusions. There are investment projects in which it is
difficult or it is impossible to calculate the monetary income. This sort of
projects arise at the enterprise when it is going to modify the technological
or transport equipment which takes part in many versatile work cycles and it is
impossible to estimate a monetary stream. In this case as criterion for
decision-making on expediency of investments operation cost acts.
2.2
Offered model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project
Feature
of subjects of research considered in the present degree work consists what the
general model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project in
public health services till now is not made? This problem at thesis for a
doctor's degree level on economy. In frameworks of usual degree research it is
possible to offer only the model focused on the concrete innovative project. In
this connection? To complete the picture? Before actually statement of offered
model of an estimation of efficiency of the project it is necessary to describe
in brief the project, i.e. to make the short resume of the project. The
innovative project considered in the present degree research consists in the
organisation of manufacture and sale of the diagnostic device? The biotest?
предназначеного for a finding акупунктурных points, carrying out
электропунктурной the express train of diagnostics of a condition of a human
body by results of measurements of parametres of biologically active points,
testings of preparations and therapy according to R.Follja's technique. The
Scope - the diagnostic device of the doctor of the therapist, the homeopathist,
the anaesthesiologist, etc. Novelty of the project (innovation, an innovation)
consists what release of the product, analogue not having to in Russia, abroad
is supposed? The device very cheap and reliable.
The
device device. The case is made of shock-resistant polystyrene. On the obverse
panel are located: 1 - the microampermeter 2 - the switch of operating modes of
the device 3 - the switch? Diagnostics/therapy? 4 - the step switch of
frequencies of therapy 5 - the indicator of inclusion and the category of the
power supply 6 - light indicators of a finding of biologically active points
(definition of degree of falling of an arrow) On a lateral surface of the
device is located a regulator of amplitude of influence of electroimpulses. The
device block diagramme? The biotest? It is presented on fig. 3 and includes: -
the device of search of biologically active points - the measuring amplifier -
the microampermeter - the setting generator with a frequency divider - target
pressure
Remote
terminal units: passive round electrodes; an active electrode; a foot
electrode; a plate for testing of preparations and medicines Additional devices.
Under the demand of the customer the device is completed with a charger (З.У.)
. The charger is intended for gymnastics of accumulators (if they are present
instead of electric batteries at a food compartment). As delivery of a
diagnostic office of the doctor is possible. The device enters into it for
device connection? The biotest? To the COMPUTER. The device of the coordination
of the device has been for this purpose specially developed? The biotest? And
the COMPUTER and as the software allowing completely is written to automate
work of the doctor. Assortment. 1 kind of the device will be issued? The
biotest? With стрелочным the indicator, completely corresponding to the
above-stated description of Advantage of the given device in comparison with
analogues available in the market. Device "Biotest" was developed
strictly on the basis of R.Follja's method. The device has included all most
necessary qualities such as simplicity, удобность both ease in circulation and
device adjustment, small weight of a product, reliability and durability of a
product, small power consumption, a food from battery power supplies
"finger-type" which are widely accessible, aesthetic appearance of
the device and its remote terminal units. Device life cycle? The biotest?
Basically it will be defined by life cycle of the most applied method of
R.Follja. Development tendencies will consist in device improvement, addition
in it of new functions, improvement of available characteristics, change of
appearance of the device. As it is planned to develop new updating of the
device? The Biotest Th? With стрелочным the indicator + the additional digital
indicator of level, degree of falling of an arrow and some other parametres.
The offered model of an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project will
include: 1) an estimation of competitive advantages of the goods (service),
offered by the considered project; 2) an estimation of a market capacity of
sale on which the considered project, including as the basic indicator the
sales volume forecast is focused; 3) calculation of the capacity necessary for
realisation of the project, and its comparison to a predicted sales volume; 4)
calculation of the project of volume of investments necessary for realisation;
5) calculation? Break-even points?, i.e. critical for a recoupment of the
project of volume of output; 6) summarising calculation of the basic indicators
of the project, such as profit (total and pure); profitability of production;
profitability of funds; the full cost price; labour input; the predicted price
for production; a critical sales volume and release; efficiency of capital
investments; a time of recovery of outlay; a stock of financial durability. A
core of offered model is the analysis of break-even and a project recoupment. The
break-even analysis includes regular work under the analysis of structure of
the cost price of manufacturing and sale of principal views of production and
division of all costs into variables (which change with change of a volume of
output and sales) and constants (which remain invariable at change of a volume
of output). The Main objective of the analysis of break-even - to define a
break-even point, i.e. a sales volume of the goods which corresponds to zero
value of profit. Importance of the analysis of break-even consists in
comparison of a real or planned gain in the course of realisation of the
investment project with a point of break-even and the subsequent estimation of
reliability of profitable activity of the enterprise. The most responsible part
of financial section of the project is actually its investment part which
includes? Definition of investment requirements of the enterprise for the
project? Establishment (and the subsequent search) sources of financing of
investment requirements? Estimation of cost of the capital involved for
realisation of the investment project? The forecast of profits and monetary
streams at the expense of project realisation? An estimation of indicators of
efficiency of the project. In the course of an estimation of a recoupment of
the project the question of the account of inflation is critical. Really, the
monetary streams developed in time, it is necessary to count in connection with
change of purchasing capacity of money. At the same time there is a position
according to which the final conclusion about efficiency of the investment
project can be made, ignoring inflationary effect. In one of heads it will be
shown that inflationary change of a price level does not influence an
estimation of the pure value of monetary streams led to the present moment on
which base the basic indicator of efficiency of the investment project is
defined.
2.3 Comparison of standard and offered models of an estimation of
efficiency of the innovative project
Two
models applied to an estimation of efficiency of the innovative project were
above described. A problem of this point? To give their comparative
description. These models in two basic directions will be compared: by results
and under the maintenance. Concerning comparison by results. Certainly, both
these models bring the purpose the answer to an attention to the question,
whether it is necessary to put up money in the considered innovative project or
not; but these two models differently answer this question. In what here
similarities and distinctions? It also is a problem of the comparative
description of models by results. Comparison of models under the maintenance
assumes transfer qualitative and the quantitative parametres used in both
models, and also a conformity establishment between these two sets of
parametres. Also it will be necessary to draw the general conclusion under the
analysis of two models: what are? Pluses? And? Minuses? Applications of
everyone them them what of them it is necessary to prefer at the analysis of
the considered project, etc. Let's remind that the standard model assumes: 1)
calculation of factor of the pure resulted cost (NPV); 2) calculation of an
index of profitability of investments (PI); 3) calculation of internal rate of
return or norm of profitability of the investment (IRR); 4) decision-making of
realisation of the project. The offered model assumes 1) an estimation of
competitive advantages of the goods (service), offered by the considered
project; 2) an estimation of a market capacity of sale on which the considered
project, including as the basic indicator the sales volume forecast is focused;
3) calculation of the capacity necessary for realisation of the project, and
its comparison to a predicted sales volume; 4) calculation of the project of
volume of investments necessary for realisation; 5) calculation? Break-even
points?, i.e. critical for a recoupment of the project of volume of output; 6)
summarising calculation of the basic indicators of the project, such as profit
(total and pure); Profitability of production; profitability of funds; the full
cost price; labour input; the predicted price for production; a critical sales
volume and release; efficiency of capital investments; a time of recovery of
outlay; a stock of financial durability; 7) decision-making on realisation (or
to a deviation) the project. As it is possible to see, in sense of the purpose
of application both these models have the purpose to answer a question, to
accept to realisation or to reject the considered innovative project. On a way
of the answer to this main point of model differ. Distinction consists what the
standard model basically uses relative factors, and offered model? The
absolute. To show this difference it is possible on a simple example: the
standard model will tell that it is necessary to put money, as each enclosed
rouble will bring 20 copecks of the income (i.e. Let's enclose 1 rouble, we
will receive 1 rouble of 20 copecks), whereas the offered model of an
estimation of efficiency will tell what to put up money in the innovative
project costs, as the enclosed 1000 roubles will return as 1200 roubles. It is
obvious, what this distinction not essential since at use of that and their
other model it is possible to add with corresponding indicators? Standard model
absolute, offered? The relative. The standard model uses relative indicators
owing to tradition; the offered model uses absolute indicators from convenience
reasons? At application of offered model it is possible to draw a conclusion of
such grade that for realisation of the innovative project it is necessary to
involve 14011 c.u. that through 7 months to receive 19873 c.u. Under the
maintenance of indicators two considered models basically coincide. We will
prove it. The standard model does not give possibility to execute an estimation
of competitive advantages of the goods (service) offered by the considered
project. However the standard model should contain this indicator as
intermediate result? If the project is not directed on manufacture of a
competitive product the project will be unprofitable and inefficient. A similar
situation with a market capacity indicator? This indicator is not necessary for
application of standard model, however, it does not mean that the offered model
wins at standard, having this indicator. Capacity calculation is designated as
an obligatory indicator at application of offered model. This indicator is not
present as a part of standard model, however for calculations of factors of
standard model anyhow it is necessary to know the capacity requested by the
project. For this reason for application of standard model more low we will use
this factor, but counted within the limits of application of offered model.
Calculation of necessary volume of investments is necessary for application of
both models: in offered model it is taken out as a separate indicator, in the
standard? Is present at quality of parametre (intermediate result) at
calculation of all indicators of standard model. Means, at application of
standard model we will address partly to results of application of offered
model. The break-even point pays off at application of offered model, but
anything similar is not present in standard model. It is caused by what a
break-even point? An indicator absolute whereas the standard model uses
relative indicators. As to such characteristics of the project, such as profit
(total and pure), profitability of production, profitability of the funds, the
full cost price, the labour input, the predicted price for production, a
critical sales volume and release, a time of recovery of outlay, a stock of
financial durability? All of them are present at offered model, and at standard
model there are only relative indicators, namely: efficiency of capital investments
and analogue of an indicator of profitability of production. If the purposes of
application of models coincide, some indicators and intermediate results are
crossed, in what a difference between them and what for it is necessary to use
two models? First of all, the numerical characteristics given by models, not
should differ strongly from each other as we consider their application to the
same project: If the standard model gives any numerical indicator its accuracy
will be difficult for improving owing to that the standard model has already
proved. We will draw conclusions by results of considerations of techniques of
an estimation of efficiency of innovative projects. How it was possible to
notice, the standard model is less labour-consuming in the application? In it,
undoubtedly, there is an advantage of standard model before offered model.
However, the basic difference between standard and offered models what the
offered model gives more information on the concrete project? And in it the big
advantage of offered model before the standard. For example, the standard model
of an estimation of efficiency of the project cannot answer on a question, in
what volume it is necessary to make production that the project was profitable?
The standard model uses this indicator, but does not count it whereas the
offered model at first counts it, and then uses. So, both those and other
models can tell that, for example, as a result of three years of realisation
the project will be profitable whereas the offered technique can tell that the
project will pay off in 7 months. The offered model also has one essential
lack? All basic indicators pay off on the basis of the sales volume forecast.
But it is the forecast, obviously, can be only approximate. Hence, all basic indicators
of offered model will be approximate. In the following chapter the comparative
analysis of application of standard and offered model on an example of the
concrete innovative project will be given.
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