Курсовая работа: Difficulties in Translation of Publicistic Headlines and their Pragmatic Aspect
heading
newspaper translation
Chapter II On the translability of
publicistic headlines
2.1 On the approaches of translation used in Newspaper Style
English
newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical,
phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community
speaking the language as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of
informing and instructing the reader.
Since the
primary function of newspaper style is to impart information, only printed
matter serving this purpose comes under newspaper style proper. Such matter can
be classed as:
1. brief news
items and communiqués;
2. press
reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings, etc.);
3. articles
purely informational in character;
4.
advertisements and announcements.
The most
concise form of newspaper informational is the headline. The headlines of news
items, apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a
considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the
use of emotionally colored words and elements of emotive syntax), thus
indicating the interpretation of the facts in the news item that follows.
a) Brief news
items
The function
of a brief news item is to inform the reader. It states only facts without
giving comments. Newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is
characterized by an extensive use of:
1. special
political and economic terms;
2. non-term
political vocabulary;
3. newspaper
cliché;
4.
abbreviations;
5. neologisms.
The following
grammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of paramount importance, and
may be regarded as grammatical parameters of newspaper style:
1. complex
sentences with a developed system of clauses;
2. verbal
constructions;
3. syntactical
complexes;
4. attributive
noun groups;
5. specific
word order.
b) The
headline
The headline
is the title given to a news item of a newspaper article. The main function of
the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is
about.
Syntactically
headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of patterns:
1. full
declarative sentences;
2.
interrogative sentences;
3. nominative
sentences;
4. elliptical
sentences;
5. sentences
with articles omitted;
6. phrases
with verbals;
7. questions
in the forms of statements;
8. complex
sentences;
9. headlines
including direct speech.
c)
Advertisements and announcements
The function
of advertisement and announcement is to inform the reader. There are 2 basic
types of advertisements and announcements in the modern English newspaper:
classified and non-classified(separate).
In classified
advertisements and announcements various kinds of information are arranged
according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name.
As for the
separate advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and
subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features common to all be
pointed out.
d) The
editorial
Editorials are
an intermediate phenomenon bearing the stamp of both the newspaper style and
the publistic style.
The function
of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of
certain facts. Emotional coloring in editorial articles is also achieved with
the help of various stylistic devices(especially metaphors and epithets), both
lexical and syntactical, the use of which is largely traditional.
e) Scientific
prose style
The language
of science is governed by the aim of the functional style of scientific prose,
which is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the
internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena,
etc. There are following characteristic features of scientific style:
1. the logical
sequence of utterances;
2. the use of
terms specific to each given branch of science;
3. so-called
sentence-patterns. They are of 3 types: postulatory, argumentative and
formulative.
4. the use of
quotations and references;
5. the
frequent use of foot-note, of the reference kind, but digressive in character.
The
impersonality of scientific writings can also be considered a typical feature
of this style.
f) The style
of official documents
In standard
literary English this is the style of official documents. It is not homogeneous
and is represented by the following substyles or variants:
1. the
language of business documents;
2. the
language of legal documents;
3. that of
diplomacy;
4. that of
military documents.
The main aim
of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in
an undertaking. The most general function of the style of official documents
predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most noticeable of all
syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this
style.
The over-all
code of the official style falls into a system of subcodes, each characterized
by its own terminological nomenclature, its own compositional form, its own
variety of syntactical arrangements. But the integrating features of all these
subcodes emanating from the general aim of agreement between parties, remain
the following:
1.
conventionality of expression;
2. absence of
any emotiveness;
3. the encoded
character of language; symbols and
4. a general syntactical mode
of combining several pronouncements into one sentence.[1, Stylistics]
On the
approaches of translation used in Newspaper Style are pragmatic value of publicistic
headlines and difficulties of their translation it is grammatical features in
English and Russian Headlines.
2.2 On the ways of translation the publicistic headlines
The second
half of the 20th century has seen the in-depth study of translation,
which is sometimes called Theory of Translation, Science of Translation, Translation
Linguistics, or even Translatology.
It has been
claimed abroad that translation studies began in 1972 with Holmes’s paper
presented at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, “The Name
and Nature of Translation Studies”.1 However, unfortunately, European and
American scholars seemed to have been unaware of the achievements of the
Russian school of translation studies. Works by V. Komissarov, A. Shveitser, A.
Fedorov and many others confirmed the status of translation studies as a
discipline of its own even in the 1950s.
The main
concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translation methods
for the widest possible range of texts and to give insight into the translation
process, into the relations between thought and language, culture and speech.
There are
several aspects of this branch of linguistics:
·
General
theory of translation, whose object is general notions typical of translation
from any language.
·
Specific
(or partial, in terms of Holmes) theory of translation that deals with the
regularities of translation characteristic of particular languages - for
example, translation from English into Russian and vice versa.
·
Special
(partial) theory of translation that pays attention to texts of various
registers and genres.
There are two
terms corresponding to the Russian word “перевод”: translation and interpretation. Those who discriminate
between the terms refer the term ‘translation’ to the written text, and the
term ‘interpretation’ to oral speech. However, the terms are polysemantic: to
interpret might mean “to render or discuss the meaning of the text” – an
outstanding British translation theorist P.Newmark, for example, states that
“when a part of a text is important to the writer’s intention, but
insufficiently determined semantically, the translator has to interpret”.4
The term to translate is often referred to any (written or oral) manner of
expression in another language.
We should
also differentiate the terms translating and rendering. When we translate, we
express in another language not only what is conveyed in the source text but
also how it is done. In rendering, we only convey the ideas (the what) of the
source text.
Several
approaches are used for defining translation: in Newspaper Style with pragmatic
value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation it is
grammatical features in English and Russian Headlines.
2.3 On the difficulties in translation the publicistic
headlines
Often enough
headings of newspapers or news on the Internet in English are difficult enough
for understanding. First, they have the grammatical nuances. Secondly, in
headlines use the words which are not so often used in colloquial speech. In
this post we will stop on grammatical features of headlines.
1) As a rule,
headlines represent incomplete sentences, that is, they consist only of
keywords, without articles, auxiliary verbs etc.
4 found guilty in London bomb plot – то есть - four
people have been found guilty in London bomb plot (четырех
человек объявили виновными в подготовке взрывов в Лондоне);
Heavy fighting at Lebanese camp ( горячий бой произошел в ливанском
лагере)
Steegmans too strong for Boonen - Steegmans is too strong
for Boonen (Стигменс слишком силен для Бунена) [5]
2) In
headlines simple times are used: Present Simple used, when event has already
occurred or occurs. It can sometimes be used Present Continuous to underline
process or change of the present situation. But, besides, it will be used
without an auxiliary verb. If in headline says that will occur in future, may
be it is the infinitive will be used. (A verb + a participle to) [6]
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