Сочинение: The National Parks of Great Britan
How Hill
St. Benet’s Abbey
The Broads largely follows the line of the
rivers and natural navigations of the area. There are seven navigable rivers,
the River Yare and its (direct and indirect) tributaries the Rivers Bure, Thurne,
Ant, Waveney, Chet and Wensum. There are no locks on any of the rivers (except
for Mutford lock in Oulton Broad that links to the saltwater Lake Lothing in Lowestoft),
all the waterways are subject to tidal influence. The tidal range decreases
with distance from the sea, with highly tidal areas such as Breydon Water
contrasted with effectively non-tidal reaches such as the River Ant upstream of
Barton Broad.
The broads themselves range in size from small
pools to the large expanses of Hickling Broad, Barton Broad and Breydon Water. The
broads are unevenly distributed, with far more broads in the northern half of
Broadland (the Rivers Bure, Thurne and Ant) than in the central and southern
portions (the Rivers Yare, Waveney, Chet and Wensum). Individual broads may lie
directly on the river, or are more often situated to one side and connected to
the river by an artificial channel or dyke.
Besides the natural watercourses of the
rivers, and the ancient but artificial broads, there is one more recent
navigation canal, the lock-less New Cut which connects the Rivers Yare and
Waveney whilst permitting boats to by-pass Breydon Water.
There is also a second navigable link to the
sea, via the River Waveney and its link to Oulton Broad. Oulton Broad is part
of the Broads tidal system, but is immediately adjacent to Lake Lothing which
is itself directly connected to the sea via the harbour at Lowestoft. Oulton
Broad and Lake Lothing are connected by Mutford Lock, the only lock on the
broads and necessary because of the different tidal ranges and cycles in the
two lakes.
In the lists below, names of broads are emboldened
to help distinguish them from towns and villages.
Queen Elizabeth Park is a municipal park located in Vancouver, British Columbia, on Little
Mountain (elevation approximately 168 metres (550 feet) above sea level). Its surface was scarred at the turn of the
twentieth century when it was quarried for its rock, which served to build Vancouver’s first roadways.
In 1930, the park’s floral future was somewhat
revealed when the BC Tulip Association suggested the notion of transforming the
quarries into sunken gardens. By the end of that decade, the site had been
turned over to the Vancouver Park Board for park and recreation purposes, and
was dedicated as such by King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth (the
present Queen’s late mother) on their much lauded visit to Vancouver in 1939,
as King and Queen of Canada. From that time, Park staff incrementally
transformed the overgrown hillsides into Canada’s first civic arboretum, with a
generous donation from the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. The popular
quarry gardens were designed by Park Board Deputy Superintendent Bill
Livingstone and were unveiled in the early 1960s.
Prentice Bloedel’s $1.25 million covered the
open reservoirs and built the country’s first geodesic conservatory surrounded
by covered walkways, lighted fountains and a magnificent sculpture (Knife Edge -
Two Piece) by modern artist Henry Moore. The Bloedel Floral Conservatory opened
on December 6, 1969 amidst much jubilation with its many climatic zones,
displaying a huge variety of plants and a superb selection of free flying
tropical birds.
There are several other attractions in the
park. These include a pitch and putt golf course, a disc golf course, tennis
courts, a lawn bowling club, and a restaurant.
 
A view of the park
New Forest
The New Forest is an area of southern England
which includes the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land, heathland
and forest in the heavily-populated south east of England. It covers south west
Hampshire and some of contiguous southeast Wiltshire.
The name also refers to the New Forest National Park which has similar boundaries. Additionally the New Forest local
government district is a subdivision of Hampshire which covers most of the
forest, and some nearby areas although it is no longer the planning authority
for the National Park. There are many small villages dotted around the area.
The highest point in the New Forest is Piper’s
Wait, just west of Bramshaw. Its summit is at 125 m (410 ft) above mean sea
level
Like much of England, the New Forest was
originally woodland, but parts were cleared for cultivation from the Stone Age
and into the Bronze Age. However, the poor quality of the soil in the new
forest meant that the cleared areas turned into heathland “waste”. There are
around 250 round barrows [1] within its boundaries, and scattered boiling
mounds, and it also includes about 150 scheduled ancient monuments.
The New Forest was created as a royal forest
around 1080 by William the Conqueror for the hunting of (mainly) deer.
It was first recorded as “Nova Foresta" in the Domesday Book in 1086, and
is the only forest that the book describes in detail. Twelfth-century
chroniclers alleged that William had created the forest by evicting the
inhabitants of thirty-six parishes, reducing a flourishing district to a
wasteland; however, this account is dubious, as the poor soil in much of the
forest is incapable of supporting large-scale agriculture, and significant
areas appear to have always been uninhabited. Two of William’s sons died in the
forest, Prince Richard in 1081 and William Rufus in 1100. The reputed spot of
the Rufus’ death is marked with a stone known as the Rufus Stone.
As of 2005, roughly ninety per cent of the New Forest is still owned by the Crown. The Crown lands have been managed by the Forestry
Commission since 1923. Around half of the Crown lands fall inside the new
National Park.
Formal commons rights were confirmed by
statute in 1698. Over time, the New Forest became a source of timber for the Royal
Navy, and plantations were deliberately created in the 18th century
for this specific purpose. In the Great Storm of 1703, about four thousand oak
trees were lost in the New Forest.
The naval plantations encroached on the rights
of the Commoners, but the Forest gained new protection under an Act of
Parliament in 1877. The New Forest Act 1877 confirmed the historic rights of
the Commoners and prohibited the enclosure of more than 16,000 acres (65
km²) at any time. It also reconstituted the Court of Verderers as
representatives of the Commoners (rather than the Crown).
Felling of broadleaf trees, and replacement by
conifers, began during the First World War to meet the wartime demand for wood.
Further encroachments were made in the Second World War. This process is today
being reversed in places, with some plantations being returned to heathland or
broadleaf woodland.
Further New Forest Acts followed in 1949, 1964
and 1970. The New Forest became a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1971,
and was granted special status as the “New Forest Heritage Area” in 1985, with
additional planning controls added in 1992. The New Forest was proposed as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site in June 1999, and it became a National Park in
2005.
Edward Rutherfurd’s work of historical fiction,
The Forest, is based in the New Forest in the time period from 1099
through 2000.
New Forest National Park
Consultations on the possible designation of a
National Park in the New Forest were commenced by the Countryside Agency in
1999. An order to create the park was made by the Agency on 24 January 2002 and
submitted to the Secretary of State for confirmation in February 2002. Following
objections from seven local authorities and others, a Public Inquiry was held
from 8 October 2002 to 10 April 2003, concluding with that the proposal should
be endorsed with some detailed changes to the boundary of the area to be
designated.
On 28 June 2004, Rural Affairs Minister Alun
Michael confirmed the government’s intention to designate the area as a
National Park, with further detailed boundary adjustments. The area was
formally designated as such on 1 March 2005. A National Park Authority for the New Forest was established on 1 April 2005 and assumed its full statutory powers on 1 April
2006. The Forestry Commission retain their powers to manage the Crown land
within the Park, and the Verderers under the New Forest Acts also retain their
responsibilities, and the Park Authority is expected to co-operate with these
bodies, the local authorities, English Nature and other interested parties.
The designated area of the National Park
covers 571 km² (141097 acres) and includes many existing SSSIs. It has a
population of approximately 38,000 (excluding most of the 170,256 people who
live in the New Forest local government district). As well as most of the New
Forest district of Hampshire, it takes in the South Hampshire Coast Area of
Outstanding Natural Beauty, a small corner of Test Valley district around the
village of Canada and part of the Salisbury district in Wiltshire south-east of
Redlynch.
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
