Сочинение: The National Parks of Great Britan
Сочинение: The National Parks of Great Britan
School - ghymnasia №6
Project work
The Natieonal Parks of Great Britan
Dany by: Chernyshova Nastya
From
Teacher: Kestel
O. V.
Semey 2009
Content
1. Introduction
2. Dartmoor National park
History
Pre-history
Beardown Man, Dartmoor
The historical period
Myths and literature
Towns
Physical geography
Rivers
3. Peak district
national park
History
Early history
Medieval to modern history
Transport
History
Totley Tunnel on the Manchester to
Sheffield line
Road network
Public transport
Geography
4. The Broads
National Park
History
Geography
5. Queen
Elizabeth Park, British Columbia
History
Attractions
6. History of
the New Forest
New Forest National Park
Geography
7. Exmoor
History
Geology
Coastline
Flora
Fauna
Places of interest
8. Yorkshire
Dales
Yorkshire Dales National Park
Geography
Cave systems
9. Lake District
General geography
Development of tourism
Conclusion
Additional material
Literature
1. Introduction
The theam of my project work “National
parks of Great Britan".
National Parks of Great Britan cover
approximately 7% of the country. They did not have any special exotic animals
or plants, But such areas as Dartmoor, Peak District, Yorkshire, Valley Noth
York, the New Forest and Broads every year attract thousends of tourists. The
peculiarity of the British National parks in that it isn’t “dead" area,
And quite close to major urban areas, which allowed any activity aimed at
restoration of nature, so most of the National psrks are more like the great
urban parks or botanical gardens. Many of them - private ownership.
In my project work, I will write about some
of them.
Special attention I wiil pay to the study
of history, culture and geography.
2. Dartmoor National park
Dartmoor is an
area of moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Protected by National Park
status, it covers 368 square miles (953 km2).
The granite upland dates from the Carboniferous
period of geological history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite
hilltops (known as tors), providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest
point is High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. The entire area is
rich in antiquities and archaeology.
Dartmoor is managed by
the Dartmoor National Park Authority whose 26 members are drawn from Devon County
Council, local District Councils and Government.
Parts of Dartmoor have been used as a military
firing range for over two hundred years. The public enjoy extensive access
rights to the rest of Dartmoor, and it is a popular tourist destination. The
Park was featured on the TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as the top
natural wonder in South West England.
The majority of the prehistoric remains on Dartmoor date back to the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. Indeed, Dartmoor contains
the largest concentration of Bronze Age remains in the United Kingdom, which suggests that this was when a larger population moved onto the hills of Dartmoor.
The climate at the time was warmer than today,
and much of today’s moorland was covered with trees. The prehistoric settlers
began clearing the forest, and established the first farming communities. Fire
was the main method of clearing land, creating pasture and swidden types of
fire-fallow farmland. Areas less suited for farming, tended to be burned for
livestock grazing. Over the centuries these Neolithic practices greatly
expanded the upland moors, contributed to the acidification of the soil and the
accumulation of peat and bogs.
The nature of the soil, which is highly
acidic, means that no organic remains have survived. However, by contrast, the
high durability of the natural granite means that their homes and monuments are
still to be found in abundance, as are their flint tools. It should be noted
that a number of remains were “restored" by enthusiastic Victorians and
that, in some cases, they have placed their own interpretation on how an area
may have looked.
Numerous menhirs (more usually referred to
locally as standing stones or longstones), stone circles, kistvaens, cairns and
stone rows are to be found on the moor. The most significant sites include:
Beardown Man, near Devil’s Tor - isolated
standing stone 3.5 m (11 ft) high, said to have another 1 m (3.3 ft) below
ground. grid reference SX596796
Challacombe, near the prehistoric settlement
of Grimspound - triple stone row. grid reference SX689807
Drizzlecombe, east of Sheepstor village -
stone circles, rows, standing stones, kistvaens and cairns. grid reference SX591669
Grey Wethers, near Postbridge - double circle,
aligned almost exactly north south. grid reference SX638831
Laughter Tor, near Two Bridges - standing
stone 2.4 m (7.9 ft) high and two double stone rows, one 164 m (540 ft) long. grid
reference SX652753
Merrivale, between Princetown and Tavistock -
includes a double stone row 182 m (600 ft) long, 1.1 m (3.6 ft) wide, aligned
almost exactly east-west), stone circles and a kistvaen. grid reference SX554747
Scorhill, west of Chagford - circle, 26.8 m (88
ft) in circumference, and stone rows. grid reference SX654873
Shovel Down, north of Fernworthy reservoir -
double stone row approximately 120 m (390 ft) long. grid reference SX660859
There are also an estimated 5,000 hut circles
still surviving today, despite the fact that many have been raided over the
centuries by the builders of the traditional dry stone walls. These are the
remnants of Bronze Age houses. The smallest are around 1.8 m (6 ft) in
diameter, and the largest may be up to five times this size.
Some have L-shaped porches to protect against
wind and rain - some particularly good examples are to be found at Grimspound. It
is believed that they would have had a conical roof, supported by timbers and
covered in turf or thatch.
Many ancient structures, including the hut
circles at Grimspound, were reconstructed during the 19th century -
most notably by civil engineer and historian Richard Hansford Worth. Some of
this work was based more on speculation than archaeological expertise, and has
since been criticised for its inaccuracy.
The climate worsened over the course of a
thousand years from around 1000 BC, so that much of high Dartmoor was largely
abandoned by its early inhabitants.
It was not until the early medieval period
that the weather again became warmer, and settlers moved back onto the moors. Like
their ancient forebears, they also used the natural granite to build their
homes, preferring a style known as the longhouse - some of which are still
inhabited today, although they have been clearly adapted over the centuries. Many
are now being used as farm buildings, while others were abandoned and fell into
ruin.
The earliest surviving farms, still in
operation today, are known as the Ancient Tenements. Most of these date back to
the 14th century and sometimes earlier.
Some way into the moor stands the town of Princetown,
the site of the notorious Dartmoor Prison, which was originally built both by,
and for, prisoners of war from the Napoleonic Wars. The prison has a (now
misplaced) reputation for being escape-proof, both due to the buildings
themselves and its physical location.
The Dartmoor landscape is scattered with the
marks left by the many generations who have lived and worked there over the
centuries - such as the remains of the once mighty Dartmoor tin-mining industry,
and farmhouses long since abandoned. Indeed the industrial archaeology of
Dartmoor is a subject in its own right.
Dartmoor abounds with myths and legends. It is
reputedly the haunt of pixies, a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of
‘spectral hounds’, and a large black dog. During the Great Thunderstorm of
1638, Dartmoor was even said to have been visited by the Devil.
Many landmarks have ancient legends and ghost
stories associated with them, such as Jay’s Grave, the ancient burial site at Childe’s
Tomb, the rock pile called Bowerman’s Nose, and the stone crosses that mark
mediaeval routes across the moor.
A few stories have emerged in recent decades,
such as the ‘hairy hands’, that are said to attack travellers on the B3212 near
Two Bridges.
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