Реферат: About Ukrainian
In 1991, the
government liberalized most prices to combat widespread product shortages, and
was successful in overcoming the problem. At the same time, the government
continued to subsidize government-owned industries and agriculture by uncovered
monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of the early 1990s pushed
inflation to hyperinflationary levels. For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the
world record for inflation in one calendar year. Those living on fixed incomes
suffered the most. Prices stabilized only after the introduction of new
currency, the hryvnia, in 1996.
The country was
also slow in implementing structural reforms. Following independence, the
government formed a legal framework for privatization. However, widespread
resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of the
population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of government-owned
enterprises were exempt from the privatization process. In the meantime, by
1999, the output had fallen to less than 40 percent of the 1991 level, but
recovered to slightly above the 100 percent mark by the end of 2006.
Ukraine's 2006
GDP (PPP) is ranked 28th in the world and estimated at $364.3 billion.Nominal
GDP (in U.S. dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $106.11 billion,
ranked 51st in the world.
In the early
2000s, the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10 percent, with
industrial production growing more than 10 percent per year. The growth was
largely attributed to a surge in exports of metals and chemicals to China.
The World Bank
classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state. Significant issues include
underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.
But the rapidly growing Ukrainian economy has a very interesting emerging
market with a relatively big population, and large profits associated with the
high risks. The Ukrainian stock market grew 10 times between 2000 and 2006,
including 341 percent growth in 2004, 28 percent in 2005, and 24 percent in
2006. According to the CIA, in 2006 the market capitalization of the Ukrainian
stock market was $42.87 billion. Growing sectors of the Ukrainian economy
include the IT Outsourcing market, which was expected to grow over 25 percent
in 2007.
By December 2007
the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,675 hryvnias per month. Despite
remaining lower than in neighboring central European countries, the annual
growth of average salary income in real terms is about 20 percent for several
years (2001-2006) in a row.
Ukraine produces
nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecraft. Antonov airplanes
and KrAZ trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian
exports are marketed to the European Union and CIS.
The country
imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas, and to a large
extent depends on Russia as an energy supplier. While 25 percent of the natural
gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35 percent comes from Russia
and the remaining 40 percent from Central Asia through transit routes that
Russia controls. At the same time, 85 percent of the Russian gas is delivered
to Western Europe through Ukraine.
After 15 years of
negotiations, Ukraine was invited to join the World Trade Organization on
February 5, 2008. Ukraine will have to ratify the agreements by July 4, 2008,
and will become a WTO member 30 days after the ratification. It will become the
152nd member of the organization.
IV. It is said that one can walk
from one end of Kiev to the other in the summertime without leaving the shade
of its many trees. Most characteristic are the horse-chestnuts (Ukrainian:
каштани, kashtany).
Kiev is known as
a green city with two botanical gardens and numerous large and small parks. The
green nature of the city is probably most notable by the green hills of the
right bank along the Dnieper river that have been relatively untouched by
development. The World War II Museum is located here, which offers both indoor
and outdoor displays of military history and equipment surrounded by verdant
hills overlooking the Dnieper river.
Among the
numerous islands, Venetsianskyi (or Hidropark) is the most developed. It is
accessible by metro or by car, and includes an amusement park, swimming
beaches, boat rentals, and night clubs. The Victory Park (Park Peremohy) located
near Darnytsia subway station is a popular destination for strollers, joggers,
and cyclists.
Boating, fishing,
and water sports are popular pastimes in Kiev. The area lakes and rivers freeze
over in the winter and ice fishermen are a frequent sight, as are children with
their ice skates. However, the peak of summer draws out a greater mass of
people to the shores for swimming or sunbathing, with daytime high temperatures
sometimes reaching 30 to 34 °C (86–93 °F).
The centre of
Kiev (Independence Square and Khreschatyk Street) becomes a large outdoor party
place at night during summer months, with thousands of people having a good
time in nearby restaurants, clubs and outdoor cafes. The central streets are
closed for auto traffic on weekends and holidays.
A wide variety of
farm produce is available in many of Kiev's farmer markets with the Besarabsky
Market located in the very centre of the city being most famous. Each
residential region has its own market, or rynok. Here one will find table after
table of individuals hawking everything imaginable: vegetables, fresh and
smoked meats, fish, cheese, honey, dairy products such as milk and home-made
smetana (sour cream), caviar, cut flowers, housewares, tools and hardware, and
clothing. Each of the markets has its own unique mix of products with some
markets devoted solely to specific wares such as automobiles, car parts, pets,
clothing, flowers, etc.. There is also a popular book market by the Petrivka
metro station.
At the city's
southern outskirts, near the historic Pyrohiv village, there is an outdoor
museum, officially called the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine
It has an area of 1.5 square kilometres (1 sq mi). This territory houses
several "mini-villages" that represent by region the traditional
rural architecture of Ukraine.
Kiev also has
numerous recreational attractions like bowling alleys, go-cart tracks,
paintball venues, billiard halls and even shooting ranges. 100-year-old Kiev
Zoo is located on 40 hectares and carries over 2,000 specimens.
The
utillized literature
1.
“Wikipedia”,
the free encyclopedia.
|