Реферат: Развитие сельского хозяйства и промышленности России на рубеже 19-20 веков (RTF)
Реферат: Развитие сельского хозяйства и промышленности России на рубеже 19-20 веков (RTF)
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?aoa?ao ii enoi?ee ia oaio
"?acaeoea n/o e i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?innee ia ?oaaaea 19 20 aaeia"
(AAO, II a yia?ai)
Iineaa, 1997AAAAeAIEA
E ia/aeo OO noieaoey ?inneeneay eiia?ey auea naiui aieueoei a
oa??eoi?eaeueiii ioiioaiee ainoaea?noaii ie?a. Iia ?aneeioeanue ia
cia/eoaeueiie /anoe Aa?iiu e Acee ,io Aaeoeeneiai ii?y aei Oeoiai ieaaia
e io Naaa?iiai Eaaeiaeoiai ieaaia aei n?aaeiaaceaoneeo ionouiue.
I?e?iaea aa ioee/aeanue eneeth/eoaeueiui ?aciiia?aceai. Oicyenoaaiiia
?acaeoea ?acee/iuo ?aaeiiia no?aiu inoaaaeinue ia?aaiiia?iui ,iniai
auaeaeyeenue ?acaeaathueany i?iiuoeaiiua ?aaeiiu :Iineianeee
,Iaoa?ao?aneee ,?eaeneee, Eiaeceineee ,THaeii-?inneeneee ,O?aeueneee.
Ia/eiaeinue eioaineaiia inaiaiea Neae?e e Aeaeueiaai Ainoiea ,aaea
oeaio?aie noaiiaeeenue E?aniiy?ne, Iiaiieeieaaane (Iiaineae?ne ) e
Aeaaeeainoie. Iaeiaei ia?iiiua i?ino?ainoaa auee e?aeia neaai naycaiu
ae?oa n ae?oaii o?ainii?oiuie a?oa?eyie.
A aieueoeinoaa inaiaiiuo ?aaeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee i?aiaeaaeaei
naeueneioicyenoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai. A oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao aa?iiaeneie
/anoe no?aiu iaaethaeaeanue oaiaeaioeey e aa?a?iiio ia?aianaeaieth ,/oi
aaei e iaeicaiaeueth. A oi aea a?aiy ieioiinoue ianaeaiey ca O?aeii ia
i?aauoaea 1 /ae./ei 2.
A 1897 aiaeo a ?innee auea i?iaaaeaia ia?aay ia?aienue ianaeaiey . Iii
(ca eneeth/aieai Oeieyiaeee) ninoaaeyei nauoa 125 iei. /aeiaae. I?e?ino
ianaeaiey oae auno?i. A 1860 aiaeo ianaeaiea ninoaaeyei 75 iei. /aeiaae.
Ec ieo : 14 iei. - ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea , inoaeueiua - naeueneia.
E?anoueyia ninoaaeyee ieiei 80 % ianaeaiey.
?aoi?iu 1860-1870-o aiaeia ioe?uee ia?aae ?inneae iiaua ia?niaeoeau.
nicaeaa aiciiaeiinoue aeey oe?ieiai ?acaeoey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee. No?aia
anooieea ia iooue eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey.
NAEUeNEIA OICssENOAI
Iinea ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
Naeueneioicyenoaaiiia ?acaeoea ?innee a ii?aoi?iaiiue ia?eiae auei ia
noieue oniaoiui. I?aaaea, ca 20 eao yenii?o ca?ia ec ?innee oaaee/eeny a
3 ?aca e ninoaaee a 1881 aiaeo 202 iei. ioaeia. A ie?iaii yenii?oa oeaaa
?inney caieiaea ia?aia ianoi. Oeaiu ia oeaa ia ie?iaii ?uiea
aea?aeaeenue aunieea.
Iaeiaei ?ino o?iaeaeiinoe oeaaia a ?innee aue iaaaeee. Oaaee/aiea
aaeiauo nai?ia ca?ia aeinoeaaeinue a iniiaiii ca n/ao ?aniaoee iiauo
caiaeue. Iniiaiui iinoaaueeii yenii?oiiai oeaaa inoaaaeinue iiiaue/uea
oicyenoai.
A ?oeao iiiaueeia iaoiaeeeenue ia?iiiua caiaeueiua ieiuaaee. Ia eaaeaeua
100 aeanyoei e?anoueyineeo caiaeue a Oeaio?aeueii-/a?iicaiiii ?aeiia
i?eoiaeeeinue 56 aeanyoei iiiaue/ueae caiee, a a
Oeaio?aeueii-i?iiuoeaiiii 30. A iauae ianna iiiaue/ueaai caieaaeaaeaiey
aaeee aue oaeaeueiue aan eaoeooiaeee (aeaaeaiee ?acia?ii nauoa 500
aeanyoei). E?oiiaeoea eaoeooiaeenou (No?iaaiiau, Oa?aiaoaau, Ooaaeiau e
ae?.) aeaaeaee nioiyie ouny/ aeanyoei a ?aciuo aoaa?ieyo.
Iinea ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa iiiaueeai i?eoeinue ia?ano?aeaaoue naia
oicyenoai ia ?uii/iuo ia/aeao. Iie eiaee aiciiaeiinoue i?aaieciaaoue
nenoaio oicyenoaa, ia?aoiaeioth io aa?ueiiie e eaieoaeenoe/aneie.
Naeaeaiiua ai a?aiy ?aoi?iu ?io?acee? auioaeaeaee e?anoueyi a?aiaeiaaoue
caieth o iiiaueea. Ii ia?aaeei iie ia iiaee i?aaeeiaeeoue aio a ea/anoaa
a?aiaeiie ieaou ie/aai, e?iia naiaai o?oaea. Oae aicieeea io?aaioi/iay
nenoaia oicyenoaa. N aa?ueiie iia auea noiaeia oai, /oi e?anoueyiei e
caeanue ia?aaaouaae iiiaue/ueth caieth naiei ?aai/ei neioii e
eiaaioa?ai. Iiaeiaiua oi?iu yenieoaoaoeee iieo/eee iacaaiea
iieoe?aiinoie/aneeo.
Aiiaua iinea 1861 aiaea ioiioaiea iiiaueeia e e?anoueyiai neeueii
eciaieeinue. ?aiueoa iiiauee ia?aaeei aeaeae naieo e?anoueyi, i?eoiaeee
e iei ia iiiiuue (eae-ieeae ana aea nianoaaiiinoue). Oaia?ue ii aioia
aue auaeaoue ec ieo ana niee e a?ineoue ia i?iecaie noaeueau. Oieueei
iaeaieaa aoiaiiua e aeaeueiiaeaeiua iiiaueee, ?aaioaaoea a cainoaao,
noa?aeenue eae-oi ainiieieoue ia?ooaiiua ioiioaiey e naeeceoueny n
e?anoueyinoaii ia ii/aa iaueo eioa?ania ianoiiai oicyenoaa.
Ia?aaeiaua iiiaueee iuoaeenue no?ieoue naia oicyenoai ii-iiaiio. Iie
caaiaeeee nianoaaiiue ?aai/ee neio e eiaaioa?ue, iieoiaee
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua iaoeiu, iaieiaee ?aai/eo. Ii yoe oi?iu
oicyenoaiaaiey ?acaeaaeenue n o?oaeii. Ei iai?inoi auei eiieo?e?iaaoue n
eaaaeueiuie oi?iaie yenieoaoaoeee, aeey eioi?uo ?aoi?ia 1861 aiaea
nicaeaea aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey.
E oieueei a noaiiii Caaieaeuea e ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca, aaea iiiaue/uea
caieaaeaaeaiea auei iaaaeeei eee aai aiiaua ia auei, noaei
ooaa?aeaeaoueny i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia, oa?ia?neia oicyenoai. Yoe ?aeiiu
noaiiaeeenue aeeoieoeae ?innee e iniiaiuie iinoaaueeaie oeaaa ia
yenii?o.
A ii?aoi?iaiiia 20-eaoea iaicia/eeenue aeaa iooe yaiethoeee aa?a?iiai
no?iy ?innee :
1. i?onneee nio?aiaiea e?oiiiai iiiaue/ueaai aeaaeaiey.
Oeaio?aeueii-caieaaeaeue/aneee ?aeii anooiee ia iaaeeaiiue, caoyaeiie
iooue ia?ano?ieee oicyenoaa n nio?aiaieai e?oiiiai iiiaue/ueaai
caieaaeaaeaiey.
2. aia?eeaineee oa?ia?neee.
A noaiiuo ?aeiiao Caaieaeuey e Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca, a I?eaaeoeea e
Caiaaeiie Oe?aeia naiaiaeiua e?anoueyia nicaeaaaee naie oa?ia?neea
oicyenoaa, caieiaeenue i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii.
A aei?aoi?iaiiie aea?aaia a?oiiu aiaaouo, n?aaeieo e aaaeiuo e?anoueyi
ia auee iinoiyiiuie ii naiaio ninoaao. Ia i?ioyaeaiee aeecie iaeiiai
e?anoueyieia aai naiuey iiaea iiauaaoue ai anao o?ao a?oiiao. Iinea 1861
aiaea ia/aeinue ianeaaenoaaiiia cae?aieaiea e?anoueyineeo naiae a
e?aeieo nioeeaeueiuo a?oiiao. Caaeeoi/iua naiuee, eioi?ui oaia?ue ia
i?eoiaeeeinue aeaeeoueny n iiiaueeii naiei aeinoaoeii, noaee
ia?aaeaaaoue aai ii ianeaaenoao. Ii n ae?oaie noi?iiu, a aea?aaia
iiyaeeenue aeaaea e ia aaaeiua, a nianai ?aci?eaoeany,
i?ieaoa?ece?iaaiiua aeai?u. Iau/ii yoi i?ienoiaeeei aneaaenoaea aeo?iuo
ea/anoa aeiiioicyaa (eaie, iueyinoaa e i?.). Ii eo aeaoe, eae au
o?oaeiethaeau iie ie auee, eiaee oaea iaei oainia iii?aaeoue naia
oicyenoai. ?anneiaiea e?anoueyinoaa noaei i?eieiaoue iaia?aoeiue
oa?aeoa?. Ii iaaeaeo na?aaeiyeaie e aaaeiioie ia auei /aoeie a?aie. Yoe
aeaa nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu, oanii acaeiinaycaiiua, ninoaaeyee iniiaioth
ianno e?anoueyineiai ianaeaiey.
Eeanneoeeaoeey e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa
(eie-ai eioaaeae a oicyenoaa eae oaeoi? ninoiyoaeueiinoe)
Iacaaiea oicyenoaa?acia? caieeeie-ai eioaaeaeAaaeiyoeeia oicyenoaiaei
8 aeanyoeieae i?aaeei, aac eioaaeaeaaaeiia oicyenoai8-15 aeanyoeieae
i?aaeei, 2 eioaaeena?aaeiyoeeia oicyenoai15-30 aeanyoeiianeieueei
eioaaeaeeoeaoeeea oicyenoaa
nauoa 30 aeanyoei iiiai eioaaeae
Oicyenoaaiiay e iauanoaaiiay aeeciue ?inneeneiai e?anoueyieia i?ioaeaea
a ?aieao iaueiu, eioi?ay nouanoaiaaea ia ?one eniieii aaeia. Ii ?aoi?ia
1861 aiaea iia iieo/eea noaoon naeueneiai iauanoaa. E?anoueyineay iaueia
iaeiia?aiaiii yaeyeanue e yeiiiie/aneei iauaaeeiaieai, e iecoae
aaeieieno?aoeaiie aaeeieoeae. Iaueia ?ani?aaeaeyea caieth n?aaee naieo
/eaiia, onoaiaaeeaaea i?aaeea, eae eniieueciaaoue ianoaeua e eana. A oi
aea a?aiy caeii aiceaaae ia iaueio iaycaiiinoe ii ?ani?aaeaeaieth
iaeiaia e iiaeaea?aeaieth ii?yaeea ia aa oa??eoi?ee.
Iaueia no?ieeanue ia ni/aoaiee eieeaeoeaiiai caieaiieueciaaiey e
ioaeaeueiiai aaaeaiey oicyenoaa eaaeaeui aeai?ii. Caieae a iaueia
e?anoueyia aeaaeaee /a?aniieinii. Eaaeaeue aeai? iieo/ae iieinu e
oi?ioeo, e ieioeo caiaeue, e aeeaeieo, e aeaeueieo, e ia i?eai?ea, e a
ieceia. Eiay iieinu a ?aciuo ianoao, e?anoueyiei aaeaaiaeii iieo/ae
n?aaeiee o?iaeae: a canooeeaue aiae au?o/aee iieinu a ieceeo ianoao, a
aeiaeaeeeaue- ia acai?eao.
O?oae iaoa?y i/aiue oyaeae. A e?anoueyineeo naiueyo ecaeaaia nouanoaiaae
oaeie ii?yaeie: aeaiueiu niio?aee ca aeiiii e aeaoueie, a ioae/eiu
?aaioaee a iiea. Iiyoiio e caiey ?ani?aaeaeyeanue /aua anaai ii /eneo
ioae/ei. Anee a naiuea oie?ae ioae/eia, iaueia ioieiaea aai iaaeae. Anee
?iaeaeaeny iaeue/ee, ii iieo/ae iaaeae. Oaeea ?neeaeee-iaeeaeee?
iacuaaeenue /anoiuie ia?aaeaeaie. Ii /enei ?iaeeaoeony i?aauoaei /enei
oia?oeo. A?aiy io a?aiaie i?eoiaeeeinue ?acaeaaoue iaueiiua caiee ia
iiaia /enei aeoo. I?e yoii iaaeae ia eaaeaeoth aeooo noaiiaeeinue
iaiueoa. I?ienoiaeee iauee eee ei?aiiie ia?aaeae. Ii iiaoi?yeny a
n?aaeiai ?ac a 12 eao. Ii iaeioi?ua iaueiu ia i?iecaiaeeee ia?aaeaeia
ie iaueo, ie /anoiuo. A oaeeo iaueiao ?ani?aaeaeaiea caiee ni a?aiaiai
noaiiaeeinue ana aieaa ia?aaiiia?iui.
A aoaa?ieyo *a?iicaiiiai oeaio?a a ia?aia a?aiy iinea ?aoi?iu ia?aaeaeu
auee ?aaeeei yaeaieai. Eae ie auniee auee caeanue aueoiiua ieaoaaee,
iaaeae ieiaei?iaeiie caiee ana aea ei?iee e?anoueyineoth naiueth, e
e?anoueyia ei i/aiue aei?iaeeee. Ii aeieaia?aiaiiia ionoonoaea
ia?aaeaeia i?eaiaeeei e oiio, /oi e?anoueyia niio?aee ia naie iaaeae,
eae ia naith nianoaaiiinoue. Eia-aaea caieth ia/aee caaauaoue ii
ianeaaenoao e aeaaea i?iaeaaaoue. Caiey iinoaiaiii nin?aaeioi/eaaeanue a
?oeao caaeeoi/iuo aeai?ia, a a e?anoueyineii niciaiee ia/eiaei
oei?aiyoueny iiiyoea i /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth. Yoi aiai?eo i
oii, /oi ia?aia ii?aoi?iaiiia 20-eaoea auei n?aaieoaeueii aeaaii?eyoiui
ia?eiaeii a aeecie e?anoueyi /a?iicaiiuo aoaa?iee. Aaaeue caiaeueiua
ia?aaeaeu i?iecaiaeeeenue ia io oi?ioae aeecie. Oieueei eiaaea
iiaenooiaea e?aeiyy ioaeaea, e?anoueyiei ia/eiae ia?ao?yoeaaoue caieth,
aeiaeaaynue eaeaaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe e anaiauaai ?aaainoaa.
Ii-eiiio a oa aiaeu ianoiyee aeaea a ia/a?iicaiiuo aoaa?ieyo. Caeanue
e?anoueyineee iaaeae aue iaeiaeai naa?o aai aeioiaeiinoe. Oieueei n
iiiiuueth iinoi?iiieo ca?aaioeia e?anoueyiei ni?aaeyeny n aueoiiuie
ieaoaaeaie. Oa, eoi ia iia eaeoe ia ca?aaioee (iaeua aeaoe, eiaaeeaeu,
noa?eee), iaaeaea ia eiaee. Caiey ?ani?aaeaeyeanue ii
?aaioieeai-ioae/eiai (??aai/ei aeooai?). E?anoueyiei, iiaeao auoue, e
nianai ioeacaeny au io iaaeaea, ii ii caeiio ii ia iia iaanaaaea
inoaaeoue aea?aaith, e eioi?ie aue i?eienai. Oai ia iaiaa e?anoueyiei
noa?aeny ?nieoiooue? n naay iaaeae i?e anyeii oaeiaiii neo/aa. Ia?aaeaeu
caiee a ia/a?iicaiiuo aoaa?ieyo auee /anoui yaeaieai. Caiyoue ia ?aaioa
a ai?iaea, e?anoueyiei ia anaaaea oniaaae ia?aaioaoue naie iaaeae. Ana
aieueoa noaiiaeeinue caa?ioaiiuo caiaeue, ca eioi?ua oai ia iaiaa
acuneeaaeenue aueoiiua ieaoaaee e i?i/ea iaeiae. 60-70-a aiaeu auee
oyaeaeui ia?eiaeii a aeecie aea?aaie Ia/a?iicaiiiai oeaio?a. Oioy oaniia
iauaiea n ai?iaeii auno?i ?acaeaaei o caeaoieo e?anoueyi
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea iaauee.
Oae ii-?aciiio ioicaaeanue ?aoi?ia 1861 aiaea a ?aciuo ?inneeneeo
caieyo. A iauai aea, ianiio?y ia oyaeanoue aueoiiuo ieaoaaeae e
iieoe?aiinoie/aneoth yenieoaoaoeeth ni noi?iiu iiiaueeia, yoa ?aoi?ia
cia/eoaeueii onei?eea ia?aoiae e?anoueyi io canoieiiai
iaoo?aeueii-iio?aaeoaeueneiai oicyenoaa e oiaa?ii-?uii/iiio.
A eiioea OO aaea
A ii?aoi?iaiiie ?onneie aea?aaia i?ienoiaeee auno?ue i?e?ino ianaeaiey.
I?e/ei auei ianeieueei:
· iiyaeaiea iaaeeoeeiu, aiaae?aiea a auo yeaiaioa?iuo i?aaee aeaeaiu
?acei nie?aoeee aeaoneoth nia?oiinoue;
· au?inea ?iaeaeaaiinoue.
Ca 40 eao e?anoueyineia ianaeaiea a Aa?iiaeneie ?innee oaaee/eeinue n
48,9 aei 80 iei. /aeiaae.
I?e?ino ianaeaiey eiae iaiaeeiaeiaua iineaaenoaey. A Ia/a?iicaiiie
iieina e?anoueyia auee iaeiaeaiu iaiiia?ii oyaeaeuie aueoiiuie
ieaoaaeaie. Eiaaea i?eaaaeeinue ?aai/eo ?oe, ni?aaeyoueny n ieaoaaeaie
noaei eaa/a. Oaia?ue e?anoueyiei oae a ai?iae ni naieie iiac?ineaaoeie
nuiiaueyie e ca?aaaouaae iaiiiai aieueoa. Iaeioi?ua ec e?anoueyineeo
nuiiaae a ai?iaea e inoaaaeenue. Ai?iaea ?inee, a a aea?aaia ia
aicieeaei e?aeiaai caiaeueiiai ooaniaiey. A Ia/a?iicaiiie iieina
iieiaeaiea e?anoueyinoaa iaaeeaiii, n o?oaeii, ii ana aea oeo/oaeinue.
A *a?iicaiiie aea ciia iac?aaaee eaoano?ioe/aneea i?ioeannu. Iooiae ia
ca?aaioee caeanue aue ai?acaei neaaaa (aeeaeaeoea ai?iaea auee nei?aa
oi?aiaua, /ai i?iiuoeaiiua). Ia?anaeaiea a Neae?ue naea?aeeaaeinue
aeanoyie. Iie iianaeenue, /oi iiiaueee eeoaony iaiaoiaeeiiai eiee/anoaa
?aai/eo ?oe. Ai a?aiy ?aoi?iu 1861 aiaea auee naeaeaiu aieueoea
?io?acee? ec e?anoueyineeo caiaeue. O?iaeaeiinoue ia e?anoueyineeo iieyo
oaaee/eaaeanue ai?acaei iaaeeaiiaa, /ai i?ienoiaeee i?e?ino ianaeaiey.
N?aaeiyy aaee/eia aeooaaiai iaaeaea oiaiueoeeanue ca 40 eao ii
Aa?iiaeneie ?innee aaeaa ee ia aaeaia. A iaeioi?uo aoaa?ieyo (iai?eia?,
a Ooeueneie, Eo?neie) e?anoueyineea iaaeaeu iaaeiionoeii eciaeue/aee.
I?eoiaeeeinue a?aiaeiaaoue caieth o iiiaueeia.
A eiioea 70-o aiaeia OIO aaea, a nayce n oaeaoaaeaieai aeaeueieo ii?neeo
ia?aaicie, a Aa?iio oeuioe aeaoaaue oeaa ec Aia?eee e Aano?aeee. Oeaiu
ia ca?ii iieaoeeenue aiec, ?ac?aceeny ie?iaie naeueneioicyenoaaiiue
e?ecen. ?onneea iiiaueee iiniaoeee ia?aeiaeeoue oauoee ia e?anoueyi. A
iiianoueyo naa?ouaaeenue nianoaaiiua caiaoee, ?io?aaioee? ooiaeeee a
i?ioeia. Ana aieaa cia/eoaeueiay /anoue iiiaue/ueae caiee ioaeaaaeanue a
a?aiaeo e?anoueyiai. Aacinoaiiai/ii ?inee a?aiaeiua oeaiu. E ia/aeo OO
aaea iie aeinoeaee oaeeo aunio, /oi caaaniieieeenue iaeioi?ua
aoaa?iaoi?u. Iie aeieeaaeuaaee oea?th i ?iani?acia?ii aunieeo a?aiaeiuo
oeaiao?.
Iieiaeaiea e?anoueyinoaa ?acei oooaeoeeinue. Anee aiaaoua e?anoueyia
(anaai ieiei 5 % naeueneiai ianaeaiey) aua eia-eae aea?aeaeenue ia
ieaao, oi na?aaeiyee ia/eiaee oiiooue a ianna aaaeiyeia. A /a?iicaiiuo
aoaa?ieyo ?innee ?inea e?anoueyineay ieuaoa. Iiae aa aeaaeaieai
?ooeeenue iiiyoey i /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth, eioi?ua noaee
i?eaeaaoueny a i?aaeuaeouee ia?eiae. N ia/aea 80-o aiaeia e?anoueyia
*a?iicaiiiai oeaio?a aniiiieee i caiaeueiuo ia?aaeaeao. Nii?ioeaeaiea
aeaaeaeueoeaa ?eeoieo? caiaeueiuo aeoo auei auno?i neiieaii. Ia?aaeaeu
niaa?oaeenue iiaeiaii oeaiiie ?aaeoeee, ia?aeeaeuaaynue ec aieinoe a
aieinoue, ec oacaea a oacae, ec aoaa?iee a aoaa?ieth. Iie ioaaoeee
ia?iiiia i?ino?ainoai (Eo?neoth, I?eianeoth, Ai?iiaaeneoth, ?ycaineoth,
Na?aoianeoth e ae?oaea aoaa?iee).
A 1891 aiaeo iaoe?ioth oa??eoi?eth ?innee ioaaoee iao?iaeae. Aneaae ca
iei a aea?aaith i?eoae aieiae. ?onneay iauanoaaiiinoue i?aaieciaaea nai?
n?aaenoa a iiiiuue aieiaeathuei. Aeoeaiia o/anoea a yoie ?aaioa i?eieiae
E.I.Oienoie.
Iinea iao?iaeay e?anoueyia Ia/a?iicaiuey noaee ia?ano?aeaaoue naia
oicyenoai. ?anoe?eeenue iinaau eueia. A Iiaai?iaeneie, Ineianeie,
Oaa?neie, ss?ineaaneie e Iineianeie aoaa?ieyo ia/eiaee ioeacuaaoueny io
onoa?aaoae o?aoiieueiie nenoaiu caieaaeaeey e n iiiiuueth caineeo
aa?iiiiia ia?aoiaeeoue e iiiaiiieueiui naaiiai?ioai n aunaaii ei?iiauo
o?aa (eeaaa?a, aeee, ethoea?iu).
A *a?iicaiiie iieina neeaaeuaaeanue oyaeaeay ianoaiiaea. A aea?aaia
iaeaieeaaeenue iaaeiaieuenoai, aacunoiaeiinoue, io/ayiea. Ii i?e yoii
nio?aiyeinue aiaoiaa niieienoaea. E i?aaeoaeuenoai ia aeiaaaeuaaeinue,
eaeie neeu nioeeaeueiue ac?ua oai iac?aaaao.
90-a aiaeu OIO aaea noaee ia?eiaeii eioaineaiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa
?innee. Aeeiaie/aneea i?ioeannu ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa iaicia/eeenue aua
?aiueoa. A ia?aie ninoaaeaiiie aeey Ieeieay II ?iniene ainoaea?noaaiiuo
aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia ia 1895 aiae ieieno? oeiainia i?eaiaeee
aeinoaoi/ii iaaeyaeiua iieacaoaee: anee n?aaeiee iieacaoaeue nai?a
oeaaia ca 1881-1887 ninoaaeye 263 iei. /aoaa?oae, oi a 1894 aiaeo ii
i?aaunee 332 iei. /aoaa?oae.
Ii i?e anao i/aaeaeiuo oniaoao oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey ?inney ana aua
inoaaaeanue ii i?aeiouanoao aa?a?iie no?aiie, aaea iiaeaaeythuay /anoue
ianaeaiey auea caiyoa a naeueneii oicyenoaa, a aeaaiuie noaoueyie
yenii?oa yaeyeenue i?aaeiaou caieaaeaeey e aeeaioiiaiaenoaa. A na?aaeeia
90-o aiaeia no?oeoo?a caieaaeaaeaiey a 49 aoaa?ieyo Aa?iiaeneie ?innee
(aac Iaeanoe Aienea Aeiineiai, Oea?noaa Iieueneiai, Oeieyiaeee e
Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca) auea neaaeothuae:
ainoaea?noaaiiuo caiaeue164,3 iei. aa38,5 %oaeaeueiuo caiaeue8,0 iei.
aa1,9 %caiaeue o/?aaeaeaiee e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe (oea?eae, iiianou?e,
ai?iaea e o. Ae.)9,4 iei. aa2,2 %caiaeue e?anoueyineeo iauanoa155,3 iei.
aa34,3 %caiaeue /anoiuo nianoaaiieeia99,5 iei. aa23,1 %eoiai436,5 iei.
aa100 %
Ii aeaiiui ia 1900 aiae n?aaee /anoiuo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa i?aiaeaaeaee
i?aaenoaaeoaee aunoaai nineiaey.
Nineiaey aeaaeaeueoeaa% eeoe% caiaeueaeai?yia23,879,8eoioeu e
iioiinoaaiiua ii/aoiua a?aaeaeaia2,610,7iauaia12,12,1e?anoueyia
56,75,5i?i/ea (aeooiaainoai, eiino?aioeu e ae?.)4,81,9?inney n eiioea
OIO aaea caieiaea eeaee?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia ie?iaii ?uiea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Ieiei o?aoe aa i?iecaiaeeeinue a
e?oiiuo aa?a?iuo oicyenoaao. A e?anoueyinei-iaueiiii caieaiieueciaaiee
i?aiaeaaeaee ?ooeiiua aa?ioaoie/aneea i?eaiu e a?oae/iua
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?oaeey. I?iaeoeoeaiinoue iiaeiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
auea /?acau/aeii iecea, oioy e?anoueyineea oicyenoaa e iinoaaeyee
aieueooth /anoue oiaa?iiai ca?ia. A 1895 aiaeo a ?innee ian/eouaaeinue
26,6 iei. eioaaeae e 31,6 iei. e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa.
I?IIUOEAIIINOUe
?aoi?iu 60-70-o aiaeia cia/eoaeueii oeo/oeee iieeoe/aneea e i?aaiaua
oneiaey aeey ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee. Ae?oaei iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai ia?ano?ieee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
ia ?uii/iuo ioiioaieyo auei nicaeaiea niioaaonoaothuae eio?ano?oeoo?u
eiiieaena aniiiiaaoaeueiuo io?aneae oicyenoaa (oinnaeiuo e aeaeaciuo
aei?ia, eaiaeia, ii?oia, n?aaenoa nayce). A ?innee iniai no?iai noiye
aii?in i nooiiooiuo iooyo niiauaiey.
AEaeaciiaei?iaeiia no?ieoaeuenoai ia/aeinue a ?innee aua i?e Ieeieaa I.
1 iiya?y 1851 aiaea auei ioe?uoi aeaeaeaiea ii aeaeaciie aei?iaa io
Iaoa?ao?aa a Iineao.
A 60-a aiaeu aeaeaciiaei?iaeiia no?ieoaeuenoai onei?eeinue. Oe?iei
i?eaeaeaeny /anoiue eaieoae, a oii /enea eiino?aiiue. Oeaio?ii
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie naoe noaea Iineaa. Iniaia cia/aiea eiaei
no?ieoaeuenoai aei?iae io Iineau aei Ieaeiaai Iiaai?iaea. 1 aaaonoa 1862
aiaea ec Ieaeiaai a Iineao ooae ia?aue iiacae. Yoa aei?iaa naycaea iaa
noieeoeu e caa?aie/iue ?uiie n Ieaeaai?iaeneie y?ia?eie e Aieaie -
iniiaiie o?ainii?oiie iaaeno?aeueth oiai a?aiaie.
A 1869 aiaeo aioea a no?ie aei?iaa, niaaeeieaoay Iineao n thaeiuie
oeaai?iaeiuie aoaa?ieyie (Iineaa - ?ycaiue - Eiceia - Ai?iiaae).
Iniaaiii ia?niaeoeaiui ieacaeinue ioe?uoia yoie aei?iaie ?ycaineia
iai?aaeaiea. Io ?ycaie eeiey auea i?iaeieaeaia aei Naia?u, a caoai - aei
O?aea. AEaeaciay aei?iaa auoea e ai?ioai Neae?e. A 1891 aiaeo ia/aeinue
no?ieoaeuenoai O?ainneae?neie aeaeaciie aei?iae. E 1894 aiaeo iauay
i?ioyaeaiiinoue aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?innee ninoaaeea 27,9 oun. aa?no.
Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa aucaaea ei?ioeoth caieieo a i?iiuoeaiiii
?acaeoee no?aiu. Iiiaea io?anee, i?aaeaea anaai iaoaeeo?ae/aneay,
aeieaeiu auee ia?aeoe n i?eioaeeoaeueiiai o?oaea ia aieueiiiaaiiue. Ii
anei?a i?iiuoeaiiia ?acaeoea iioei ii ainoiaeyuae. A na?aaeeia 60-o
aiaeia a ?innee iaaethaeaeny iiaeuai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Aeaaea
ioeoea?u ia?aaeei iiaeaaaee a ionoaaeo e ioe?uaaee eieaeioth eee
aaeueaaoth eaaeo. I?aaeoaeuenoai cae?uei eee ia?aaeaei a /anoiua ?oee
iaeioi?ua oauoi/iua eacaiiua i?aaei?eyoey.
Naiuo cia/eoaeueiuo oniaoia a yoe aiaeu aeinoeaei oaenoeeueiia
i?iecaiaenoai, eioi?ia oiaaea auei aaaeouae io?aneueth ?onneie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ca 20 ii?aoi?iaiiuo eao iio?aaeaiea oeii/aoiaoiaaeiuo
oeaiae ia aeooo ianaeaiey a ?innee oaeaieeinue. Yoio ?ino aue aeinoeaioo
ca n/ao auoaniaiey aeiiioeaiuo eueiyiuo oeaiae.
Cia/eoaeueiue ?ino iaaethaeaeny a ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iniaaiii a
naoa?iie. N?aaeiaaeooaaia iio?aaeaiea naoa?a ca yoe aea aiaeu oaeaea
oaeaieeinue (aei 2-oo ea a aiae a ia/aea 80-o aiaeia). Ia/aeny yenii?o
naoa?a.
I/aiue o?oaeii i?eniiniaeaiea e iiaui oneiaeyi i?ienoiaeeei a
iaoaeeo?ae/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aaea o?aaiaaeinue ia oieueei ia?aeoe e
aieueiiiaaiiiio o?oaeo, ii e i?iecaanoe oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea.
Iaaeaeo oai o?aeueneea ai?iicaaiae/eee, aeaaii niieioaoeany n aa?oaie
a?enoie?aoee, i?eaueee i?iaeeaaoue naie aeioiaeu a noieeoeao eee ca
a?aieoeae. Eo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey a i?aaei?eyoey auee iaaeinoaoi/iu.
I?iecaiaenoai aeaeaca a ia?aua aiaeu iinea ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
nieceeinue. Eeoue a 1870 aiaeo auieaaea /oaoia aeinoeaea o?iaiy 1860
aiaea. Iaaeeaiiua oaiiu ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa a /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee
nio?aiyeenue aei eiioea 70-o aiaeia. I?e/eiie oiio auea caoyioaoayny
ia?ano?ieea o?aeueneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iaeiaei a yoi aea a?aiy (n
na?aaeeiu 70-o aiaeia) noaea iaae?aoue neeo ai?iay e iaoaeeo?ae/aneay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue a Aeiiaoeeii aannaeia.
?onneia iaoeiino?iaiea a ia?aua ii?aoi?iaiiua aeanyoeeaoey aua ia iiaei
iaania/eoue ioaeaeu aeaeaciuo aei?ia a iiaeaeaeiii ninoaaa. Ia?iaicu e
aaaiiu a oi a?aiy aaiceeenue ec-ca a?aieoeu. I?aaeoaeuenoai iiiu?yei
?acaeoea ioa/anoaaiiiai iaoeiino?iaiey, e ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu 70-o aiaeia
aeaeaciua aei?iae noaee niaaaeaoueny iiaeaeaeiui ninoaaii a iniiaiii
ioa/anoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ia?iaeiia oicyenoai ?innee, iinoaiaiii niueaaoaany n ie?iaie yeiiiieeie,
ia/eiaei eniuouaaoue eieaaaiey aa eiiuthieoo?u. A 1873 aiaeo ?inneth
aia?aua cao?iioe ie?iaie i?iiuoeaiiue e?ecen.
A ia?aia ii?aoi?iaiiia 20-eaoea ieii/aoaeueii noi?ie?iaaeenue iniiaiua
i?iiuoeaiiua ?aeiiu ?innee Iineianeee, Iaoa?ao?aneee, O?aeueneee e
THaeiue. A Iineianeii ?aeiia i?aiaeaaeaea oaenoeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
Iaoa?ao?aneee ?aeii i?eia?ae oeeii a noi?iio iaoaeeiia?aaioee e
iaoeiino?iaiey. O?aeueneee e THaeiue auee aacie iaoaeeo?ae/aneie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Naiui iiuiui ec ieo aue Iineianeee, iie?aaoeeny ia ?acaeooth eonoa?ioth
i?iiuoeaiiinoue oeaio?aeueiuo aoaa?iee (Iineianeie, Aeaaeeie?neie,
Eino?iineie, ss?ineaaneie, Oaa?neie). Eonoa?ue-iaeeii/ea iniiaa e
ia/aei i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey a ethaie no?aia. Auoiaey ia ?uiie,
eonoa?ue iiiaaeaao iiae aeanoue neoiueea. Neoiuee iinoaiaiii noyaeaaao
eonoa?ae a naith ianoa?neoth. Ni a?aiaiai ianoa?neay i?aa?auaaony a
oaa?eeo, aaea ?o/iie o?oae caiaiyaony iaoeiiui. Ia?aoiae io ?aianeaiiie
ianoa?neie (iaiooaeoo?u) e oaa?eea iacuaaaony i?iiuoeaiiui ia?aai?ioii.
I?iiuoeaiiue ia?aai?io yoi aeieaia?aiaiiue i?ioeann. Iieacaoaeai aai
caaa?oaiey a oie eee eiie no?aia yaeyaony ianooieaiea oaeiai iiiaioa,
eiaaea a aeaaiuo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe iniiaiay ianna i?iaeoeoeee
ecaioiaeyaony i?aaei?eyoeyie, iai?oaeiaaiiuie iaoeiaie, ?aaioathueie ia
ia?iaie eee yeaeo?e/aneie oyaa.
A ?innee i?iiuoeaiiue ia?aai?io ia/aeny a na?aaeeia OIO aaea. A ?aciuo
?aaeiiao e io?aneyo ii i?ioaeae iaiaeeiaeiai. A oeii/aoiaoiaaeiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii ?aiueoa ia/aeny e auno?aa caeii/eeny. A a oeaeii ii
no?aia iaoeiiia i?iecaiaenoai iiaaaeeei e eiioeo OIO aaea. Yoi auei
naycaii n i?iiuoeaiiui iiaeuaiii 90-o aiaeia.
Anthaeo, aaea i?ienoiaeee i?iiuoeaiiue ia?aai?io, ii a eaeea-ieaoaeue
ianeieueei aeanyoeia eao eiiae oei?aieaoeany aaia?aoe/aneea
i?aaenoaaeaiey nia?aiaiieeia i naiai ioa/anoaa. AEaeaciua aei?iae
auoaaouaaee ec caoieonoee ai?iaea e ianoa/ee, i eioi?uo i?aaeaea ieeoi
ia neuoae. I?inaei/iua aei?iae aae?oa iaiieiyeenue aeaeaeaieai, a
i?aaeiea o?aeou ca?anoaee o?aaie. Aaeieieno?aoeaiua oeaio?u
ioa?anuaaeenue ia ia?eoa?eth, ii caoi eaeia-ieaoaeue naei, i?aaeaea
ecaanoiia eeoue naieie eneoniuie eociaoeaie eee oea/aie, neiaii ii
iaiiaaieth /ueae=oi oaeinoaaiiie ?oee i?aa?auaeinue a ia?iiiue ai?iae,
iiaeiyaoee e iaao aeanyoee oaa?e/iuo o?oa.
A 1871 aiaeo ec naea Eaaiiaa e Aicianaineiai iinaaea Ooeneiai oacaea
Aeaaeeie?neie aoaa?iee aue ia?aciaai ai?iae Eaaiiai-Aicianaine e?oiiue
oeaio? oaenoeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Nai aea Aeaaeeie? a yoi a?aiy
inoaiiaeeny a naiai ?acaeoee, eae e aeaa ae?oaeo ae?aaieo ai?iaea
Iiaai?iae e Ineia.
Ia thaa no?aieoaeueii aicauneeny ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, noaaoee e?oiiui
ii?oiaui ai?iaeii e caoieaoee ia oieueei ninaaeiee Oaaai?ia, ii e
Iiai/a?eanne, noieeoeo Aeiineiai eaca/anoaa.
I?iiuoeaiiua ?aeiiu oaniui eieueoeii niieioeenue aie?oa Iaoa?ao?aa e
io?acaee aai io ii?y. A Iaoa?ao?aa a yoi a?aiy ian/eouaaeinue 667 oun.
aeeoaeae. Ii i?aa?aoeeny a ai?iae n ?aceeie nioeeaeueiuie eiio?anoaie. A
neaaea iaaaooaaoeo aeai?oeao ia Ieeeeiiiie e Eeoaeiii aeiaeeaaee naie
aae ieeieaaaneea oea?aaeai?oeu e o?aeeeiu. A yoe aea ?aeiiu aoeneeaaee
naie iniaiyee a noeea yeeaeoeee aeaeueoeu iiaaeoae oi?iaoeee, a/a?aoiea
i?eeac/eee e iiae?yae/eee. A iaaeaeaei oi Naiiie ieiuaaee ?aniieaaaeny
ia?iiiue eiiieaen ii/eaaeiuo aeiiia, aaea thoeeanue aaaeiioa.
Iineaa auno?i aeiaiiyea Iaoa?ao?a ii /eneo aeeoaeae (601 oun.) e oiaea
i?aa?auaeanue a i?iiuoeaiii-eaieoaeenoe/aneee ai?iae. ?aai/ee eeann,
neaieeaaaoeeny a e?oiiuo ai?iaeao, a ia?iiiie naiae ianna ninoiye ec
i?eoaaeoeo ia ca?aaioee e?anoueyi. Ia a?aiy naaa, iieina, aeaoau iie
aica?auaeenue a naie aea?aaie. A yoi a?aiy inoaiaaeeaaeenue iiiaea
oaa?eee. Ni a?aiaiai iaeioi?ua ?aai/ea inaaeaee a ai?iaea e ii?uaaee
naycue n aea?aaiae. Ii yoio i?ioeann oae ai?acaei iaaeeaiiaa, /ai ?inee
?yaeu i?iiuoeaiiie a?iee o?oaea. A 60-70-a aiaeu ?aai/ea, ia naycaiiua n
caieae, ninoaaeyee eeoue iaaieueoia yae?i ?aai/aai eeanna. Iau/ii yoi
auee naiua eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ?aai/ea.
O?aoueei ii aaee/eia ai?iaeii auea Iaeanna, ianaeaiea eioi?ie i?aauneei
100 oun. /aeiaae. A Neae?e a ii?aoi?iaiiue ia?eiae naiui aieueoei
ai?iaeii noiye Oiine (33 oun. aeeoaeae). Aieueoie Neae?neee o?aeo,
i?ieiaeaiiue a na?aaeeia OIO aaea, naeaeae aai iniiaiui oeaio?ii
neae?neie oi?aiaee. Oiaieuene, ieacaaoeeny a noi?iia oi o?aeoa, ii/oe ia
?in e oa?ye i?aaeiaa cia/aiea.
A oeaeii aea i?iiuoeaiiia ?acaeoea ?innee a ia?aia ii?aoi?iaiiia
20-eaoea oei oniaoii. Iii ioee/aeinue i?aaie/iinoueth,
anoanoaaiiinoueth. Oi?aiaey auyaeyea iio?aaiinoe ?uiea, iio?aaiinoe
/aeiaaea. Ia eo iniiaa oi?ie?iaaeanue eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ia iniiaa
aa iio?aaiinoae a iaoeiao, a oi?aiaee a n?aaenoaao aeinoaaee oiaa?ia
?acaeaaeenue o?ainii?o e oyaeaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
90-a aiaeu noaee ia?eiaeii ao?iiai ?acaeoey i?iiuoeaiiiai naeoi?a
yeiiiieee. Ii oaiiai n?aaeiaaiaeiaiai i?e?inoa i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
?inney a eiioea i?ioeiai aaea iaaiiyea ana aa?iiaeneea no?aiu e oea
a?iaaiue a NOA.
1890 aiae 1897 aiae
Iacaaiea io?anee/enei caiyouo a iae,
/ae.Noieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee,
oun. ?oa./enei caiyouo a iae,
/ae.Noieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee,
oun. ?oa.Io?anee ii ia?aaioea aieieienouo aauanoa433 320519 365642
520946 296ai?iay e ai?iicaaiaeneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue426 635202 894544
333393 749iaoaeeo?aey e iaoeiino?iaiea106 982127 920214 311310 626
A eiioea 90-o aiaeia n?aaeiee i?e?ino i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a
aaaeoueo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe ninoaaeye 12 % e aieaa a aiae.
Iniaaiii onei?aii ?acaeaaeenue iiaua io?anee i?iecaiaenoaa: oyaeaeia
iaoeiino?iaiea, oeie/aneea i?iecaiaenoaa, yeaeo?ieiaeono?ey,
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue o?ainii?o. A 1895 aiaeo ?inney i?iecaaea 338 iei.
ioae. iaooe e noaea e?oiiaeoei ie?iaui i?iecaiaeeoaeai yoiai aaaeiaeoaai
aeaea oiieeaa. A 90-a aiaeu oaeaeueiue aan i?iiuoeaiiiai naeoi?a a
aaeiaii iaoeeiiaeueiii i?iaeoeoa iinoiyiii aic?anoae e ?inney iinoaiaiii
i?aa?auaeanue ec no?aiu aa?a?iie a eiaeon?eaeueii-aa?a?ioth. Ia?yaeo ni
noa?uie i?iiuoeaiiuie ciiaie, oaeeie eae Oeaio?aeueii-i?iiuoeaiiue
?aeii, Iieueneee ?aaeii, O?ae, e eiioeo OIO aaea aicieeee iiaua,
au?inoea ia aieia eaieoaeenoe/aneie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee: Aeiiaann,
Aaeeineee ?aeii, Eocaann.
Iacaaiea io?anee 1881 aiae
eie-ai, iei. ioae. 1893 aiae
eie-ai, iei. ioae.
i?e?ino, %auieaaea /oaoia27,370,8+160auieaaea noaee18,759,3+59,3aeiau/a
oaey200,9460,2+129aeiau/a iaooe21,4337+1475Aeaaeaeueoeu iaeaieaa
onoie/eauo e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee noaee oi?ie?iaaoue iiiiiieenoe/aneea
iauaaeeiaiey.
Ia?aua iiiiiieee iiyaeeenue a ?innee a eiioea OIO aaea. Anaai eo
ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 20-oe. Iie aicieeaee, eae i?aaeei, a oi?ia
neiaeeeaoia (nio?aiaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?e iieiii
iauaaeeiaiee eiiia?/aneeo no?oeoo?) e ea?oaeae (iauaaeeiaiea n oeaeueth
?aaoee?iaaiey oeaiu ia nu?uea e eiia/ioth i?iaeoeoeeth, oneiaee iaeia
?aai/ae neeu i?e nio?aiaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e eiiia?/aneie
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe).
Iiiiiieey ia?aie/eaaao aeaenoaea naiaiaeiiai ?uiea. Ioeoeeaeueii
?aaeno?e?othony ciaiaieoua iiiiiieee: ?I?iaeaiao?, ?I?iaeaaaii?,
?I?iaeoaieue?, ?Iniaay ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay eiioi?a caeacia nie/a/iie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe?, eiio?iee?iaaaoay 95% anaai i?iecaiaenoaa nie/ae.
CAEETH*AIEA
A 1861 aiaeo oea?ue ia aeae e?anoueyiai caieth a nianoaaiiinoue, a
inaiaiaeee eo th?eaee/anee. ?aoi?ia ia niinianoaiaaea neeueiiio
?acaeoeth naeueneiai oicyenoaa. E?anoueyia, eioi?ua oiaee e oioaee
?aaioaoue, aueoiaee caieth ca aeaiueae. Ae?oaea ooiaeeee ec aea?aaie.
*eneaiiinoue naeueneiai ianaeaiey iaoeeiiii nie?auaeanue (n 95,5% aei
80%). I?iiuoeaiiinoue iieo/eea aeaoaaoth ?aai/oth neeo. Iiyaeyaony neie
caaeeoi/iuo e?anoueyi, eioi?ua ia/eiatho i?eiaiyoue iiaua niiniau
ia?aaioee caiee.
I?iaeieaeaea nouanoaiaaoue iaueia, eioi?ay iiiiaaea ionoathuei
e?anoueyiai (iie /anoi ?ia?aceoe?iaaee? ia caaeeoi/iuo) e ia iicaieyea
?anoe?youe naie aeaaeaiey caaeeoi/iui e?anoueyiai, /oi oi?iiceei
?acaeoea naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
E?anoueyiei ia iia eoieoue naeueneioicyenoaaiiua iaoeiu, /oi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, oi?iiceei ?acaeoea oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
I?iiuoeaiiinoue ia/eiaeanue a ?innee eae aaciaaeaaeii onoa?aaoay
iaiooaeoo?a. Ia i?ioyaeaiee ii/oe 100 eao iia ia iaiiaeyeanue.
I?iecaiaeeee i?aaeiaou ?ineioe, i?oaeea, ii/oe ia auei yenii?oa. ?inney
caaenaea io aaica oiaa?ia ec-ca a?aieoeu. I/aiue oe?iei eniieueciaaeny
o?oae iiaeiaaieueiuo e?anoueyi: e?anoueyia auee cae?aieaiu ca
i?aaei?eyoeyie e io?aaaouaaee naie iiaeiiinoe. ?onneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue
ia iiaea ?acaeaaoueny ii-ae?oaiio, oae eae ia auei iaaiiuo ?aai/eo.
Iinea ?aoi?iu 1861 aiaea iiyaeeenue naiaiaeiua ?aaioieee.
I?iiuoeaiiinoue i?aia?aceeanue: en/acea iaiooaeoo?a, iiyaeeanue oaa?eea;
aonoay naoue aeaeaciuo aei?ia; ?acaeaaeenue oaenoeeueiay e
iaoaeeo?ae/aneay io?anee. E eiioeo OIO aaea caaa?oeeny i?iiuoeaiiua
ia?aai?io a ?innee: ?o/iie o?oae aue caiaiai ia iaoeiiue.
Aaaenoaaiiia iieiaeaiea e?anoueyi e iaeiiaieia ?acaeoea yeiiiieee
i?eaaee e ?aoi?iai, eioi?ua i?iaiaeee N.TH.Aeooa.
а I?iaeaia iaeicaiaeuey e aueoia caiee. I?iaiaeee ia?anaeai/aneoth
iieeoeeo i?aaeeaaae aanieaoii caiee ca O?aeii.
а no?ieoaeuenoai O?ainneae?neie aeaeaciie aei?iae. Noeioee?iaaea
?inneeneoth oyaeaeoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
Ia?anaeeeenue iaei e?anoueyi, oae eae ei ieeoi ia iiiiaae. AEaeaciay
aei?iaa aeoeyea, oae eae iiiaueee ia oioaee, /oiau ii eo caieyi
i?ioiaeeee iiacaea. Aeooa ienae, /oi aio i?eoiaeeeinue aeaenoaiaaoue ni
naycaiiuie ?oeaie e iiaaie.
Aeaei Aeooa i?iaeieaeae Noieuiei.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. A.I. Ino?ianeee, A.E. Ooeei ?Enoi?ey ?innee OO aae?
2. iiae ?aaeaeoeeae A.I.Naoa?iaa ?Enoi?ey ?innee n ia/aea XVIII aei
eiioea XIX aaea?. O/aaiia iiniaea aeey nooaeaioia aocia ii niaoe.
?Enoi?ey?. I: ANO. 1996 a.
3. iiae ?aaeaeoeeae E.A.Oaaeiniaa ?Iaoa?eaeu ii enoi?ee NNN? aeey
naieia?neeo e i?aeoe/aneeo caiyoee.? O/aaiia iiniaea aeey aocia ii
niaoe. ?Enoi?ey?. I: Auno. oe.,1991.
4. E.A. sseiaa? ?Iiniaea ii enoi?ee ioa/anoaa? . I:1995.
5. aoean ioa/anoaaiiie enoi?ee 9 eeann. I:1993.
NIAeA?AEAIEA
* Aaaaeaiea 1
* Naeueneia oicyenoai :
Ю iinea ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa 2
Ю a eiioea OO aaea 4
* I?iiuoeaiiinoue 6
* Caeeth/aiea 10
* Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u 11
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