Реферат: Finland
Folk music
Much of the music of Finland is influenced by traditional
Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian
culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs,
less influenced by Germanic influence, in contrast to Finland's position
between the East and the West. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival
in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
Sami music
The people of northern Finland, Sweden and Norway, the Sami,
are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called Joik. The same word
sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically
incorrect.
Classical and opera
The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), a significant figure in
the history of classical music.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German composer
Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote Maamme/Vårt land (Our
Land), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the
Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo.
He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued
his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed
Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He
remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the
nation.
Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene.
Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years, and many of
the important composers are still alive, such as Magnus Lindberg, Kaija
Saariaho, Aulis Sallinen and Einojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are
accompanied with a large number of great conductors such as Sakari Oramo, Mikko
Franck, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä, Jukka-Pekka Saraste, Susanna
Mälkki and Leif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish
classical musicians are Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Kari Kriikku, Pekka
Kuusisto, Réka Szilvay and Linda Brava.
Popular music
Modern Finnish popular music includes a renowned heavy metal
scene, in common with other Nordic countries, as well as a number of prominent
rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, and dance music acts such as
Bomfunk MCs and Darude. Finnish electronic music such as the Sähkö
Recordings record label enjoys underground acclaim. Iskelmä (coined
directly from the German word Schlager, meaning hit) is a
traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also
includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentinean music, is
also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music was Toivo Kärki,
and the most famous singer Olavi Virta (1915–1972). Among the lyricists, Sauvo
Puhtila (born 1928), Reino Helismaa (died 1965) and Veikko "Vexi"
Salmi are the most remarkable authors. The composer and bandleader Jimi Tenor
is well known for his brand of retro-funk music.
Dance Music
Notable Finnish dance music artists include Bomfunc MCs,
Darude, JS16, and DJ Orkidea.
Rock, hard rock and heavy metal music
Tarja Turunen, Amorphis, Children of Bodom, HIM, Lordi,
Nightwish, Sentenced, Sonata Arctica, Stratovarius, The 69 Eyes, and Negative,
("Best Finnish Act" MTV Europe Music Awards 2007) , have had success in
European and Japanese heavy metal and hard rock scenes since the 1990s, and
have been gaining popularity rapidly in the United States since the late 1990s.
In the later 1990s the cello metal group Apocalyptica played Metallica cover
versions as cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. The
recently retired Timo Rautiainen & Trio Niskalaukaus were one of Finland's
most popular metal acts in the early 2000s.
Arguably one of Finland's most domestically popular rock
groups is CMX. Although this group is not widely known outside of the country,
bassist Billy Gould of popular U.S. rock group Faith No More produced CMX's
1998 album Vainajala.
One of the most influential musical contribution to
international rock music is the band Hanoi Rocks, led by guitarist Andy McCoy,
aka Antti Hulkko. Another rock band to enjoy commercial success is The Rasmus.
After eleven years together and several domestic releases, the band finally
captured Europe (and other places, like South America). Their 2003 album Dead
Letters sold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and
five platinum album designations. The single "In the Shadows" placed
on Top 10 charts in eleven countries and was the most played video on MTV
Europe for 2005. Most recently, the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal band Lordi
won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest with a record 292 points, giving Finland
its first ever victory. So far the most successful Finnish band in the United
States is HIM.
Tuska Open Air Metal Festival, one of the largest open-air
heavy metal festivals in the world, is held annually in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki.
Cinema
Erkki Karu, one of the pioneers of the Finnish cinema, with
cinematographer Eino Kari in 1927.
Finland has a growing film industry with a number of famous directors
such as Aki Kaurismäki, Timo Koivusalo, Aleksi Mäkelä and Klaus
Härö. Hollywood film director/producer Renny Harlin (born Lauri
Mauritz Harjola) was born in Finland.
Media and communications
Linus Torvalds, a famous Finnish software engineer, known for his
contribution to the Linux operating system.
Finland is one of the most advanced information societies in
the world. There are 200 newspapers; 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional
magazines and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, five national
public service radio channels (three in Finnish, two in Swedish, one in Sami);
digital radio has three channels. Four national analog television channels (two
public service and two commercial) were fully replaced by five public service
and three commercial digital television channels in September 1, 2007.
Each year around twelve feature films are made, 12,000 book
titles published and 12 million records sold. 67 percent of the population use
the Internet.
Finns, along with other Nordic people and the Japanese, spend
the most time in the world reading newspapers. The most read newspaper in
Finland is Helsingin Sanomat, with a circulation of 434,000. The media
group SanomaWSOY behind Helsingin Sanomat also publishes the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat
and commerce-oriented Taloussanomat. It also owns the Nelonen television
channel. SanomaWSOY's largest shareholder is Aatos Erkko and his family. The
other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including
newspaper Amulets, tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti.
Finland has been at the top of the worldwide Press Freedom Ranking list every
year since the publication of the first index by Reporters Without Borders in
2002.
Finland's National Broadcasting Company YLE is an independent
state-owned company. It has five television channels and 13 radio channels in
two national languages. YLE is funded through a television license and private
television broadcasting license fees. Ongoing transformation to digital TV
broadcasting is in progress — analog broadcasts ceased on the terrestrial
network 31 August, 2007 and will cease on cable at the end of 2007. The most
popular television channel MTV3 and the most popular radio channel Radio Nova
are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Prevents Industries).
The people of Finland are accustomed to technology and
information services. The number of cellular phone subscribers as well as the
number of Internet connections per capita in Finland are among the highest in
the world. According to the Ministry of Transport and Communications, Finnish
mobile phone penetration exceeded fifty percent of the population as far back
as August 1998 – first in the world – and by December 1998 the number of cell
phone subscriptions outnumbered fixed-line phone connections. By the end of
June 2007 there were 5.78 million cellular phone subscriptions, or 109 percent
of the population.
Another fast-growing sector is the use of the Internet.
Finland had more than 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of
June 2007, i.e., about 287 per 1,000 inhabitants. The Finns are not only
connected; they are heavy users of Internet services. All Finnish schools and
public libraries have for years been connected to the Internet.
Cuisine
Karjalanpiirakka, a traditional Finnish pastry.
Traditional Finnish cuisine is a combination of European,
Fennoscandian and Western Russian elements; table manners are European. The
food is generally simple, fresh and healthy. Fish, meat, berries and ground
vegetables are typical ingredients whereas spices are not common due to their
historical unavailability. In years past, Finnish food often varied from region
to region, most notably between the west and east. In coastal and lakeside
villages, fish was a main feature of cooking, whereas in the eastern and also northern
regions, vegetables and reindeer were more common. The prototypical breakfast
is oatmeal or other continental-style foods such as bread. Lunch is usually a
full warm meal, served by a canteen at workplaces. Dinner is eaten at around
17.00 to 18.00 at home.
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